FCE / CAE Open Cloze Text

Complete the following text with a suitable word.

Inequality between rich and poor has hit record highs, OECD warns

• In Spain, 18% of the population lives below poverty line, twice as many as before the crisis

Inequality between the rich and the poor has reached (1) highest level in certain countries since the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) began keeping records 30 years ago.

The crisis has widened this gap in economies (2) as Spain’s, (3) to, among other factors, higher taxation and social spending cuts.

A new report entitled In It Together: Why Less Inequality Benefits All shows that “wealth is even more concentrated at the top (4) income, exacerbating the overall disadvantage of low-income households.” The study is based (5) data from the 34 countries that (6) up the OECD, which is an international economic organization aimed (7) stimulating economic progress and world trade. Among the 34 members are 21 of the 28 European Union states, as (8) as the US, Mexico, Japan, Australia and South Korea.

“In 2012, the bottom 40% owned only 3% of total household wealth in the 18 OECD countries with comparable data. (9) contrast, the top 10% controlled half of all total household wealth and the wealthiest 1% owned 18%,” says the report.

In Spain, household income dropped an average annual 3.5% between 2007 and 2011, similar to the figures for Ireland and Iceland.

Meanwhile, the bottom 10% of poor Spanish homes lost average annual income of 13% over the same period, (10) the 10% wealthiest only lost 1.5%.

Pre-tax inequality levels (11) been stable before the crisis, but soared with the economic downturn and continue to grow (12) a slight recovery, says the OECD. This is (13) of high jobless rates and tax adjustments that have affected unemployment benefits, education and investment. This trend is visible in Spain, Greece and Ireland.

In Spain, there have been additional measures adding to this growing inequality. Fiscal consolidation raised taxes on income and spending (in 2011 and 2013), while social cuts in 2013 affected the lower earners.

A rise in temporary jobs and wage differences between men and women also played a role. In this case, the worst performers are Germany, Mexico and Spain.

(14) a result, poverty has increased between 2007 and 2011. Across all OECD countries, the population below the poverty line grew (15) 1% to 9.4%. In Spain, that figure is an alarming 18%, nearly twice as much as before the crisis. And it is often youngsters, not the elderly, who are (16) likely to fall into poverty.

Source: El País in English